Tổng hợp hơn 100 bài tập câu điều kiện loại 3 đầy đủ các dạng, có đáp án đối chiếu, giúp người học hiểu rõ cách diễn tả những giả định không có thật trong quá khứ. Bài tập được IELTS The Tutors xây dựng theo lộ trình từ cơ bản đến nâng cao, giúp bạn củng cố kiến thức, ghi nhớ lâu và tự tin hơn khi áp dụng vào các kỳ thi tiếng Anh.
Tóm tắt lý thuyết câu điều kiện loại 3
Câu điều kiện loại 3 được sử dụng để giả định về một hành động hoặc sự việc đã không xảy ra trong quá khứ. Đây là cấu trúc thường dùng để diễn tả sự tiếc nuối, lời trách móc hoặc suy luận về một kết quả khác đi nếu một điều kiện trong quá khứ thay đổi.
Cấu trúc
Tương tự các loại câu điều kiện khác, câu điều kiện loại 3 gồm mệnh đề “If” (điều kiện) và mệnh đề chính (kết quả).
Công thức: If + S + had + V3/ed, S + would/could/might + have + V3/ed
Trong đó:
- Mệnh đề If: Chia ở thì quá khứ hoàn thành (Past Perfect).
- Mệnh đề chính: Sử dụng cấu trúc would/could/might + have + quá khứ phân từ (V3/ed).
Ví dụ:
- If I had seen the warning sign, I would have stopped my car. (Nếu tôi đã nhìn thấy biển báo cảnh báo, tôi đã dừng xe lại rồi.)
→ Thực tế là tôi không thấy biển báo và đã không dừng xe trong quá khứ.
- We might have arrived on time if we hadn't missed the first train. (Chúng ta có lẽ đã đến đúng giờ nếu chúng tôi không lỡ chuyến tàu đầu tiên.)
→ Thực tế là chúng tôi đã lỡ tàu và đến muộn.
Lưu ý: Mệnh đề If có thể đặt ở đầu câu hoặc phía sau mệnh đề chính. Khi If đứng ở đầu câu, cần thêm dấu phẩy (,) để tách hai mệnh đề.
Cách dùng
- Dùng để diễn tả một giả định hoàn toàn trái ngược với những gì đã xảy ra trong quá khứ, nhằm hình dung một kết quả khác nếu sự việc khi đó diễn ra theo hướng khác.
Ví dụ: If the goalkeeper hadn't slipped, they wouldn't have lost the final match. (Nếu thủ môn không bị trượt chân, họ đã không thua trận chung kết.)
→ Thực tế là thủ môn đã trượt chân và đội bóng đã thua.
- Cấu trúc “What would you have done if…?” được dùng để hỏi về ý kiến hoặc phản ứng của ai đó trong một tình huống giả định ở quá khứ. Người nghe sẽ đặt mình vào hoàn cảnh đó và đưa ra cách xử lý mang tính suy đoán.
Ví dụ: What would you have done if you had found a diamond ring on the street yesterday? (Bạn sẽ làm gì nếu hôm qua bạn nhặt được một chiếc nhẫn kim cương trên phố?)
- Cấu trúc này thường mở đầu bằng “If I had known…” để nói về những điều đáng lẽ bạn có thể làm khác đi nếu biết trước thông tin trong quá khứ.
Ví dụ: If I had known the movie was so boring, I wouldn't have bought the ticket. (Nếu tôi biết bộ phim chán đến thế, tôi đã không mua vé.)
- Dùng để diễn tả một khả năng không chắc chắn trong quá khứ (với “might”), tức là bạn không khẳng định kết quả, nhưng cho rằng điều đó có thể đã xảy ra.
Ví dụ: If she had taken a taxi, she might have reached the airport on time. (Nếu cô ấy đi taxi, có lẽ cô ấy đã đến sân bay kịp giờ.)
- Diễn tả năng lực hoặc điều kiện đủ để thực hiện dự định (với “Could”): Dùng để nói về một việc mà bạn có khả năng thực hiện được nếu các yếu tố khách quan trong quá khứ cho phép.
Ví dụ: If we had had enough participants, we could have organized the workshop last week. (Nếu chúng tôi có đủ người tham gia, chúng tôi đã có thể tổ chức buổi hội thảo vào tuần trước.)
Đảo ngữ
Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại 3 được sử dụng để nhấn mạnh giả thiết và làm cho câu văn trở nên trang trọng hơn. Để thực hiện, chúng ta lược bỏ “If” và đưa trợ động từ “Had” lên đầu câu.
Cấu trúc: Had + S + V3/ed, S + would/could/might + have + V3/ed
Ví dụ:
- If he had known about the traffic jam, he would have taken the subway. → Had he known about the traffic jam, he would have taken the Metro. (Nếu anh ấy biết về việc tắc đường, anh ấy đã đi tàu điện Metro rồi.)
- If the company had invested more in R&D, they would have dominated the market. → Had the company invested more in R&D, they would have dominated the market. (Nếu công ty đầu tư nhiều hơn vào nghiên cứu và phát triển, họ đã có thể thống lĩnh thị trường.)
Lưu ý: Ở thể phủ định:Khi sử dụng đảo ngữ ở dạng phủ định, chúng ta đặt “not” sau chủ ngữ, tuyệt đối không viết tắt “Hadn't” ở đầu câu.
Ví dụ: If I hadn't missed the flight, I would have been in Paris now. → Had I not missed the flight, I would have been in Paris now.(Nếu tôi không lỡ chuyến bay, giờ tôi đã ở Paris rồi.)
Các biến thể
Biến thể mệnh đề If
- Sử dụng thì quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn để làm nổi bật một quá trình kéo dài dẫn đến kết quả ở mệnh đề chính.
Cấu trúc: If + S + had + been + V-ing, S + would + have + V3/ed
Ví dụ: If the driver hadn't been talking on the phone, the accident wouldn't have happened. (Nếu tài xế không mải nghe điện thoại lúc đó, tai nạn đã không xảy ra.)
- Dùng cụm But for / Without / Had it not been for đi kèm với một Danh từ hoặc Cụm danh từ để diễn tả một điều kiện tiên quyết.
Cấu trúc: But for / Without / Had it not been for + N/V-ing, S + would + have + V3/ed
Ví dụ: If the captain hadn't been brave, the ship would have sunk. → Had it not been for the captain's bravery, the ship would have sunk. ((Nếu không nhờ sự dũng cảm của thuyền trưởng, con tàu đã bị chìm rồi.)
Biến thể mệnh đề chính
- Sử dụng khi bạn muốn giả định rằng nếu điều kiện xảy ra, thì vào thời điểm đó trong quá khứ, bạn đang thực hiện một hành động khác.
Cấu trúc: If + S + had + V3/ed, S + would + have + been + V-ing
Ví dụ: If the electricity hadn't gone out, we would have been watching the football match at 9 PM yesterday. (Nếu không bị mất điện, lúc 9 giờ tối qua chúng tôi lẽ ra đang cùng nhau xem trận bóng đá rồi.)
Tổng hợp bài tập câu điều kiện loại 3 có đáp án
Bài tập 1: Chia động từ trong ngoặc để hoàn thành câu điều kiện loại 3
1. If the alarm (go) ________ off, I would have woken up on time.
2. If I (not/eat) ________ so much chocolate, I wouldn't have had a stomach ache.
3. If they (arrive) ________ at the station 5 minutes earlier, they would have caught the train.
4. She (buy) ________ that dress if she had had enough money.
5. If we (know) ________ you were coming, we would have prepared a better lunch.
6. If the weather (not/be) ________ so bad, we would have gone to the beach.
7. He (not/fail) ________ the exam if he had followed his teacher's advice.
8. If I (be) ________ at the party, I would have introduced you to my sister.
9. They (win) ________ the championship if their best player hadn't been injured.
10. If you (ask) ________ me, I would have lent you my umbrella.
Bài tập 2: Chọn đáp án đúng nhất
1. If I ________ that you were in town, I would have invited you to my house.
A. knew
B. had known
C. have known
D. know
2. The cake wouldn't have burned if you ________ the oven off sooner.
A. turned
B. would turn
C. had turned
D. turn
3. What ________ if the police hadn't arrived on time?
A. would happen
B. will happen
C. would have happened
D. happened
4. If she ________ her seatbelt, she might have been seriously injured.
A. hadn't worn
B. didn't wear
C. hasn't worn
D. wouldn't wear
5. They ________ the project on time if they had worked together.
A. finished
B. would finish
C. would have finished
D. had finished
6. If the goalkeeper ________ the ball, the team would have won the match.
A. catches
B. caught
C. had caught
D. would catch
7. I ________ the job if I had performed better during the interview yesterday.
A. could have gotten
B. can get
C. got
D. could get
8. If you ________ to my advice, you wouldn't have lost all your money.
A. listen
B. had listened
C. listened
D. would listen
9. Many people ________ if the building's fire alarm had been working.
A. will be saved
B. would be saved
C. would have been saved
D. were saved
10. What ________ if you had found a lost wallet on the street last night?
A. would you have done
B. will you do
C. did you do
D. would you do
Bài tập 3: Chia động từ dạng bị động và tiếp diễn
1. If the patient (operate) ________ on sooner, he might have survived. (Bị động)
2. If I (not/wait) ________ for the bus at that time, I wouldn't have met my old friend. (Tiếp diễn)
3. The bridge (not/destroy) ________ if the flood hadn't been so strong. (Bị động)
4. If you (be) ________ paying attention, you would have seen the warning sign. (Tiếp diễn)
5. If the document (sign) ________ yesterday, we could have started the work today. (Bị động)
6. If she (not/work) ________ all night, she wouldn't have been so tired this morning. (Tiếp diễn)
7. The thief (catch) ________ if the security guard had stayed awake. (Bị động)
8. If I (not/look) ________ for my keys, I would have been at the meeting on time. (Tiếp diễn)
9. If the trees (plant) ________ last year, they would have been taller now. (Bị động)
10. If the sun (shine) ________, we would have been sitting in the garden. (Tiếp diễn)
Bài tập 4: Chuyển đổi sang cấu trúc đảo ngữ “Had”
1. If I had known the truth, I would have acted differently.
2. If she had studied more, she would have got a better grade.
3. If they had invested more money, the company wouldn't have gone bankrupt.
4. If the weather had been better, the flight wouldn't have been delayed.
5. If we had missed the train, we would have been late for the interview.
6. If you hadn't helped me, I couldn't have finished this project.
7. If he had listened to my warning, he wouldn't have made that mistake.
8. If the firemen had arrived sooner, the house wouldn't have been burned down.
9. If I had seen the email, I would have replied immediately
10. If they had played better, they would have won the match.
Bài tập 5: Viết lại câu sử dụng câu điều kiện hỗn hợp
1. I didn't take your advice yesterday. Now I am in trouble
→ If I ____________________________________________.
2. She forgot to set the alarm. She is late for the meeting now.
→ If she ___________________________________________.
3. He lost his passport. He can't fly to London today.
→ If he ___________________________________________.
4. I spent all my money on the weekend. I'm broke now.
→ If I ____________________________________________.
5. They didn't book a table. They are waiting outside the restaurant now.
→ If they __________________________________________.
6. We didn't bring an umbrella. We are getting wet now.
→ If we ____________________________________________.
7. He didn't study English years ago. He doesn't have this job now.
→ If he ____________________________________________.
8. She didn't learn how to swim. She is afraid of going on the boat now.
→ If she ___________________________________________.
9. They worked all night. They are very exhausted now.
→ If they __________________________________________.
10.You didn't buy the map. We are lost in the middle of the city now.
→ If you __________________________________________.
Bài tập 6: Viết câu với cấu trúc “But for” / “Without”
1. If my father hadn't encouraged me, I would have given up.
→ But for __________________________________________.
2. If it hadn't been for the rain, we would have had a picnic.
→ Without _________________________________________.
3. If the GPS hadn't worked, we would have got lost.
→ But for __________________________________________.
4. If you hadn't supported me, I wouldn't have succeeded.
→ Without _________________________________________.
5. If the doctor hadn't acted quickly, the patient would have died.
→ Had it not been for ____________________________.
6. If the heavy traffic hadn't delayed us, we would have been on time for the wedding.
→ But for __________________________________________.I
7. f she hadn't been wearing a helmet, she would have been seriously injured.
→ Without _________________________________________.
8. If the local guide hadn't helped us, we wouldn't have found the hidden cave.
→ Had it not been for ____________________________.
9. If the bank hadn't lent him the money, he couldn't have started his own business.
→ But for __________________________________________.
10. If the sun hadn't come out, the laundry wouldn't have dried so quickly.
→ Without _________________________________________.
Bài tập 7: Sắp xếp từ xáo trộn thành câu hoàn chỉnh
1. have / had / I / been / if / careful / more / wouldn't / accident / the / happened.
2. you / known / have / would / I / called / had / if / I / were / ill.
3. have / they / win / could / trained / if / the / had / match / harder.
4. not / for / but / help / your / have / I / failed / would.
5. done / have / what / would / you / if / money / lost / had / you / your?
6. the / had / if / known / we / would / truth / have / differently / acted / we.
7. missed / had / flight / she / not / the / arrived / have / she / on / would / time.
8. had / he / for / me / it / not / been / would / have / lost / for / help / his.
9. you / would / done / have / what / if / you / won / had / lottery / the?
10. had / earlier / they / left / they / caught / would / train / the / have.
Bài tập 8: Tìm và sửa lỗi sai
1. If I would have known, I would have told you.
2. Had I not been late, I will have seen the start of the movie.
3. If she has studied harder, she would have passed the exam.
4. We would visited you if we had had your address.
5. If he hadn't be so lazy, he could have finished the work.
6. If the firemen had arrived sooner, the house wouldn't has been burned down.
7. Had not he missed the last train, he would have been home by midnight.
8. If I hadn't be looking for my keys, I would have arrived at the meeting on time.
9. They would have finish the project on time if they had worked together.
10. If the doctor acted quickly yesterday, the patient might have been saved.
Bài tập 9: Hoàn thành đoạn hội thoại
- Dialogue 1:
Jenny: Why didn't you come to the party last night?
Christian: If I (1. have) ________ a car, I (2. drive) ________ there, but I was stuck at home.
Jenny: Oh! If you (3. call) ________ me, I (4. pick) ________ you up.
Christian: I know, but if my phone (5. not/die) ________, I (6. do) ________ that.
- Dialogue 2:
Manager: The presentation this morning was a bit of a disaster. What happened?
Staff: I'm so sorry. If the projector (7. not/break) ________, everything (8. go) ________ more smoothly.
Manager: But you didn't have a printed backup either. If you (9. prepare) ________ some handouts, the clients (10. not/be) ________ so confused.
Staff: You're right. I'll make sure to have a backup plan next time.
Bài tập 10: Dịch câu từ tiếng Việt sang tiếng Anh
1. Nếu hôm qua trời không mưa, chúng tôi đã đi dã ngoại.
2. Nếu tôi biết bạn bận, tôi đã không làm phiền bạn.
3. Nếu không có sự giúp đỡ của bạn, tôi đã không hoàn thành được dự án.
4. Nếu anh ấy chăm chỉ hơn, anh ấy đã không bị mất việc.
5. Bạn sẽ làm gì nếu bạn là người chứng kiến vụ tai nạn đó?
6. Nếu cô ấy không lỡ chuyến bay sáng nay, bây giờ cô ấy đã có mặt ở hội nghị rồi.
7. Nếu không nhờ có sự dũng cảm của người đội trưởng, con tàu đã bị chìm trong cơn bão.
8. Nếu tôi biết bộ phim đó chán như vậy, tôi đã không mua vé.
9. Lẽ ra chúng tôi đã đến đúng giờ nếu chúng tôi không bị tắc đường hơn một tiếng đồng hồ.
10. Nếu bạn đã nghe lời khuyên của bác sĩ vào tháng trước, sức khỏe của bạn bây giờ đã tốt hơn.
Đáp án gợi ý
Bài tập 1:
1. had gone
2. had not eaten
3. had arrived
4. would have bought
5. had known
6. had not been
7. would not have failed
8. had been
9. would have won
10. had asked
Bài tập 2:
1. B
2. C
3. C
4. A
5. C
6. C
7. A
8. B
9. C
10. A
Bài tập 3:
1. had been operated
2. had not been waiting
3. would not have been destroyed
4. had been
5. had been signed
6. had not been working
7. would have been caught
8. had not been looking
9. had been planted
10. had been shining
Bài tập 4:
1. Had I known the truth, I would have acted differently.
2. Had she studied more, she would have got a better grade.
3. Had they invested more money, the company wouldn't have gone bankrupt.
4. Had the weather been better, the flight wouldn't have been delayed.
5. Had we missed the train, we would have been late for the interview.
6. Had you not helped me, I couldn't have finished this project.
7. Had he listened to my warning, he wouldn't have made that mistake.
8. Had the firemen arrived sooner, the house wouldn't have been burned down.
9. Had I seen the email, I would have replied immediately.
10. Had they played better, they would have won the match.
Bài tập 5:
1. If I had taken your advice yesterday, I wouldn't be in trouble now.
2. If she had set the alarm, she wouldn't be late now.
3. If he hadn't lost his passport, he could fly to London today.
4. If I hadn't spent all my money, I wouldn't be broke now.
5. If they had booked a table, they wouldn't be waiting now.
6. If we had brought an umbrella, we wouldn't be getting wet now.
7. If he had studied English years ago, he would have this job now.
8. If she had learned how to swim, she wouldn't be afraid now.
9. If they hadn't worked all night, they wouldn't be exhausted now.
10. If you had bought the map, we wouldn't be lost now.
Bài tập 6:
1. But for my father’s encouragement, I would have given up.
2. Without the rain, we would have had a picnic.
3. But for the GPS, we would have got lost.
4. Without your support, I wouldn't have succeeded.
5. Had it not been for the doctor's quick action, the patient would have died.
6. But for the heavy traffic, we would have been on time.
7. Without a helmet, she would have been seriously injured.
8. Had it not been for the local guide, we wouldn't have found the cave.
9. But for the bank's loan, he couldn't have started his business.
10. Without the sun, the laundry wouldn't have dried so quickly.
Bài tập 7:
1. If I had been more careful, the accident wouldn't have happened.
2. I would have called you if I had known you were ill.
3. They could have won the match if they had trained harder.
4. But for your help, I would have failed.
5. What would you have done if you had lost your money?
6. If we had known the truth, we would have acted differently.
7. If she had not missed the flight, she would have arrived on time.
8. Had it not been for his help, I would have lost it.
9. What would you have done if you had won the lottery?
10. If they had left earlier, they would have caught the train.
Bài tập 8:
1. would have known → had known
2. will have seen → would have seen
3. has studied → had studied
4. would visited → would have visited
5. hadn't be → hadn't been
6. wouldn't has been → wouldn't have been
7. Had not he → Had he not
8. hadn't be looking → hadn't been looking
9. have finish → have finished
10. acted → had acted
Bài tập 9:
1. had had
2. would have driven
3. had called
4. would have picked
5. had not died
6. would have done
7. had not broken
8. would have gone
9. had prepared
10. would not have been
Bài tập 10:
1. If it hadn't rained yesterday, we would have gone on a picnic.
2. If I had known you were busy, I wouldn't have disturbed you.
3. Without your help, I couldn't have finished the project.
4. If he had worked harder, he wouldn't have lost his job.
5. What would you have done if you had witnessed that accident?
6. If she hadn't missed the flight this morning, she would be at the conference now.
7. Had it not been for the captain's bravery, the ship would have sunk.
8. If I had known the movie was so boring, I wouldn't have bought the ticket.
9. We would have arrived on time if we hadn't been stuck in traffic for over an hour.
10. If you had followed the doctor's advice last month, your health would be better now.
Hy vọng với hơn 100 bài tập câu điều kiện loại 3 mà IELTS The Tutors đã biên soạn, bạn đã có thể tự tin hơn trong việc sử dụng cấu trúc had + V3/ed và would have + V3/ed. Nếu bạn còn bất kỳ thắc mắc nào về các dạng câu điều kiện hoặc các chủ điểm ngữ pháp khác, đừng ngần ngại để lại bình luận hoặc theo dõi thêm các bài viết chia sẻ kiến thức hữu ích từ IELTS The Tutors nhé. Chúc bạn ôn tập hiệu quả và đạt được kết quả cao trong những kỳ thi sắp tới!
